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Every part of your computer is the result of years of research and development. Parts that were once hand made at a cost of thousands of man-hours are now mass produced for a fraction of a rupee. Computer parts can be divided into two groups, hardware and software.Hardware is any part of the computer that you can touch. The seeming miles of wires that get tangled on your desk, the CD drive, the monitor are all hardware. Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes (Programs) that make the computer perform tasks. Windows is a software, so is any other program that runs on your computer.While there are thousands of parts even in the smallest computers that make up its hardware, you are not required to know them all.
You only need to know about basic computer hardware.Basic computer hardware consists of the following parts. CPU (Central Processing Unit)The CPU is considered the brain of the computer. It performs all types of data processing operations, stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
A CPU has 3 components as listed below. (A) CU (Control Unit)The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) that directs operations of the processor. It tells the computer’s memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program’s instructions. However, the Control Unit doesn’t process any data. (B) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)Think of the ALU as the logical part of the brain. When any mathematical calculation or decision/logic needs to be carried out, the instruction is passed on to the ALU.
The ALU thinks in bits (i.e. Binary digits – ‘0’s and ‘1’s.)It is made up of a group of memory locations built directly into the CPU called registers. These are used to hold the data (binary information) that are being processed by the current instruction. (C) MemoryPrimary memory is memory that is part of the computer itself and necessary for its functioning. It consists of mainly two types of memories: (i) Random Access Memory (RAM)RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working.
As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. RAM is volatile. Volatile means that the data stored in memory is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers.
There are different types of RAM available. Some of them are described below.
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): A type of physical memory used in most personal computers. The term dynamic indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed or it loses its contents. This type of memory is more economical. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM): A type of memory that is faster and less volatile than DRAM, but requires more power and is more expensive. The term static is derived from the fact that it does not need to be refreshed like DRAM. Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): A type of DRAM that has a much higher processing speed.(ii) Read Only Memory (ROM)The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. The different types of ROM are given below. MROM (Masked ROM): The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive.
The MROM cannot be programmed by the user. PROM (Programmable Read only Memory): PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): The EPROM is a type of a PROM which can be programmed by the user multiple times. EPROM is erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes.
Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds.2. Secondary Storage (External Storage Devices)Floppy diskettes, hard disk, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external storage devices or ancillary storage devices. These devices are very sensitive to environmental conditions (humidity and temperature) as well as to external magnetic fields and need to be stored carefully. They are not compulsory for the functioning of the computer but are useful for expanding the computer’s memory.
(A) Floppy DiskFloppy disks are primarily used on PCs. Information on a floppy disk is recorded in the magnetized states of particles of iron oxides evenly placed upon concentric circles known as tracks. (B) Hard DiskIt is a non-removable enclosed magnetic disk included in most PCs. It contains a stack of metal platters, each coated with iron oxide, that spin on a spindle and the entire unit is encased in a sealed chamber. (C) Magnetic TapeThis is plastic tape, usually made of Mylar that is coated with iron oxide, thereby enabling the introduction (writing); retention (memory) and reading of magnetically recorded information. The best use of tape storage is for data that you do not use very often.
(D) Optical Disc DriveAn optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves for reading or writing data to or from optical discs (normally CD-ROM). A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for “Compact Disc Read-Only Memory”. Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable. (E) USBA USB flash drive, also commonly known as a USB drive, USB stick and a variety of other names. It is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc.
(3) PeripheralsPeripheral devices are devices connected to the computer externally. If a peripheral device is disconnected, the computer will still be able to work; only functions performed by this peripheral device will not be available. Here are the most used types of peripheral devices: (A) KeyboardThe most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the computer. It consists of keys that are capable of inputting alphabets, numbers and special characters. You can also navigate using the keyboard and perform shortcut functions. (B) MouseMouse is the most popular pointing device and cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. (C) MonitorsMonitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer.
It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. (D) PrinterPrinter is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. Impact Printers: The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then pressed on the paper.
Non-Impact Printers: Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as Page Printers.
Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers.(E) Joy StickIt is a device used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
(F) ScannerA scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it into a file format that may be used within the PC. (G) PlotterA plotter is used to create high-quality visuals on paper. Plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers.
A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It draws pictures on a paper using a pen. It can be used to create presentation-charts, graphics, tables and high quality technical drawings.
There are two types of plotter. Drum Plotter: The paper is placed over the drum that rotates back and forth. A carriage holding one or more pens is mounted horizontally across the drum. The carriage with the pens moves horizontally over the paper. Each pen could be filled with different colours. This plotter has the ability to produce colour pictures.
Flat Bed Plotter: In flat bed plotter, the paper does not move. The carriage holding the pens should provide all motions. Inkjet plotters can also produce large drawings with different colours.Liked these Basic Computer Hardware Notes? Read more Computer notes!
Wireless Networks concepts LAN in Hindi Urdu 19 Computer Networking tutorial lecture. Visit for Wireless LAN Network in Hindi Urdu plus Wireless LAN in Hindi Urdu. This tutorial explains what is Wireless LAN Network concepts in Hindi Urdu and how wireless network works. This tutorial continues the introduction of what is a computer wireless network in Hindi Urdu and introduce about wireless LAN in Hindi Urdu. This is the Computer Networking Tutorial 19 lecture.This tutorial is a part of 20 Computer Networking video tutorial lecture in Computer Networking in Hindi Urdu tutorial series. I explain what is a wireless LAN in hindi urdu.Learn what is a wireless LAN network, IEEE 802.11 standard, WEP, and ad hoc wireless Network in Hindi Urdu in the Computer Networking Urdu Hindi lectures tutorial series by ifacter.com.
Tutorial 19 introduces the viewers to networking and computer network IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, and IEEE 802.11g in Hindi Urdu. Networking in Urdu tutorials can be read at and downloaded in pdf.
We have notes, pdf and list of books of Computer Networking and how does Internet work in Hindi and Urdu. This tutorial introduces to the fundamentals wireless LAN in layman's term ifactner.com and can be used for info for computer networking certifications and technology operations. Ifactner introduces diagram and image of basic computer networks and the Mesh topology.
Computer Network Notes For B.Tech Computer Networks notes for CSE pdfcomputer networks handwritten notescomputer networks notes for CSE 5th semcomputer networks notes pdfcomputer networks notes pdf for ECE PPTcomputer networks Question Paper PdfList of Reference Books for Computer Network- 3rd Year. Tanenbaum and David J Wetherall, Computer Networks, 5th Edition, Pearson Edu, 2010. Computer Networks: A Top-Down Approach, Behrouz A. Forouzan, FirouzMosharraf, McGraw Hill Education. Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S.
Davie, “Computer Networks – A Systems Approach” (5th ed), Morgan Kaufmann/ Elsevier, 2011. Data Communications and Networking, Behrouz A. Forouzan, TMH.
Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings, PHI. Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, PHI Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur.
Wireless Communications; Principles and Practice, Theodore E. Rappaport, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education. Satellite Communications, Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, 2nd Edition, Wiley. Internetworking with TCP/IP; Principles, Protocols, and Architecture, Douglas E. Commer, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall of India. Data Compression; The Complete Reference, David Solomon, 3rd Edition, Springer.
Network Security; Private Communication in a Public World, CharlieKaufman, Radia Perlmon and Mike Speciner, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India. Computer Networks Syllabus- B.Tech 3rd YearOBJECTIVES:. Understand state-of-the-art in network protocols, architectures, and applications. Process of networking research. Constraints and thought processes for networking research. Problem Formulation—Approach—Analysis— UNIT – I:Introduction: Network Topologies WAN, LAN, MAN.
₹ 839 - ₹ 3 ₹ 504Here we Required you the complete notes on the Computer Network Notes Pdf Free Download- B.Tech 3rd Year Lecture Notes, Study Materials, Books Pdf. Share this article with your classmates and friends so that they can also follow Latest Study Materials and Notes on Engineering Subjects. Any University student can download given B.Tech Computer Network Pdf Notes and Study material or you can buy B.Tech 3rd Year Computer Network Books at Amazon also. For any query regarding on Computer Network Pdf Contact us via the comment box below.
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Bandwidth capacity5. Ease of installation6. Ease of troubleshooting7. Delay involved in routing from one node to another. Types of Topologies. While making a selection of a particular topology we consider the relative status of different devices that are to be linked. The nodes in a network can have following two relationships:1.
Peer to Peer: In this relationship, all the devices in the network have equal status in sharing the link. For example, Ring & Mesh topology.2. Primary-Secondary: In this, one device controls the traffic and all other devices transmit through primary device. Star topology. Basic Network TopologyThe three simple Topology that are combined to form a basic Network Topology. They are, Bus Topology, Ring and Star Topology.Bus TopologyThe physical Bus Network Topology is the simplest and most widely used of the network designs.
It consists of one continuous length of cable (trunk) that is shared by all the nodes in the network and a terminating resistor (terminator) at each end that absorbs the signal when it reaches the end of line. Without a terminator the electrical signal would reach the end of copper wire and bounce back, causing errors on the network.Bus networks make up what is known as a passive topology. Bus-connected computers act 'expectantly,' that is, before transmitting data, they verify that none of the other computers on the bus are transmitting information, sending packets when the connection is free. In general, passive networks based on contention (so-called because each computer has to compete for the transmission time).Bus networks usually use coaxial cables that connect to each of the computers through T-shaped connectors. A terminator specific to the type of cable used placed on each end node of the network (if a cable used 50 Ohm, 50 Ohm terminators must use). Since the bus network is nothing more than a set of cables, connectors, and terminators, the signal is not amplified when traveling through the wiring.Data communication message travels along the bus in both directions until it is picked up by a workstation or server NIC. If the message is missed or not recognized, it reaches the end of the cabling and dissipates at the terminator.
Bus Network Topology requires a multipoint connection.All nodes on the bus topology have equal access to the trunk. This is accomplished using short drop cables or direct T-connectors. The number of devices and the length of the trunk can be easily expanded.Bus networks are easy to assemble and expand. They only require a small amount of cable, compared to other network topologies.
However, bus networks can suffer cable breakage, loss of information in the connectors and deficiencies in the necessary wiring length, often difficult to resolve. Any physical problem in the network, such as a loose connector, can ground the entire bus network.
When bus topology networks do not close properly, the network tends to experience rebounds in signal transmission. If the bus topology used, the physical aspects of the network should always be checked to avoid any problems. Problems with connectors, cables, and terminators often abound in this type of network. Advantages of Bus TopologyThe advantages of physical bus topology are:. It uses established standards and it is relatively easy to install and the use for small networks.
It requires less media than other topologies. Failure of one node does not affect the network functioning. Cost is less as only one main cable is required and least amount of cable is required to connect computers. Expansion is easier. New node can be easily added by using a connector.Disadvantages of Bus TopologyThe disadvantages of bus Topology are:. If the main central line fails the entire network collapses.
The bus networks are difficult to reconfigure, especially when the acceptable number of connections or maximum distances have been reached. They are also difficult to troubleshoot because everything happens on a single media segment. This can have dangerous consequences because any break in the cabling brings the network to its knee. Sharing a single communication channel results in slower access time. In this topology, higher network traffic slows down the bus speed.
Only one device transmits at a time, other devices wait for their turn. As a result there is no coordination between the devices for reservation of transmission time slots, so data collisions are frequent.Ring TopologyThe physical ring Topology is a circular loop of point-to-point links. Each device connects directly to the ring or indirectly through and interface device or drop cable. Message travel around the ring from node to node in a very organized manner.
Each workstation checks the message for a matching destination address. If the address doesn't match the node simply regenerates the message and sends it on its way.
There is currently no in-house Book rendering service. Book creation is disabled while a replacement is adapted and installed. An alternative open source is available; see. For Help with downloading a Wikipedia page as a PDF, see.Computer NetworkingThis is a, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, rendered electronically, and ordered as a printed book.Edit this book:Select format to download:Order a printed copy from these publishers: Computer Networking Networking OSI Model Physical Cabling IEEE 802.1 IEEE 802.3 Internet Protocol Standards Routing Multicast Routing EmailEmail Server Software Web.